In responding to Ebrahim Rasool’s keynote address PROFESSOR ASLAM FATAAR writes that his aim is explore how the ‘rich intellectual traditions’ of Muslim communities could ‘engage contemporary challenges more dialogically, inclusively, and historically’.
I write in response to the exceptionally thought-provoking address delivered by Ebrahim Rasool at the recent inaugural public lecture of The Muslim Thinker at the Islamia College Auditorium in Cape Town on September 29. This intervention was warmly received and appreciated by many.
Rasool’s address opened an important space for reflecting on the intellectual and moral futures of Muslim thought in complex times. It set out a compelling call for deepening rational engagement and ethical reflection in our communal life.
I offer these reflections in that same spirit of appreciation. My aim is to take the conversation further by exploring how Muslim communities might draw from their rich intellectual traditions to engage contemporary challenges more dialogically, inclusively, and historically.
Across South Africa, in mosques, classrooms, and community halls, people are asking new kinds of questions. They are trying to make sense of a world that is shifting quickly: artificial intelligence is changing how people live, work, and make decisions; climate change is reshaping everyday realities, especially for poorer communities; social media is transforming how knowledge circulates, often amplifying division and distraction.
Questions of belonging, justice, and responsibility are increasingly part of daily conversations. Young people bring their questions with a sense of urgency. Elders wonder how the moral frameworks that shaped their lives can speak meaningfully to this new reality.
These conversations express a longing for clarity and courage. People want spaces where they can think deeply together. They want spaces where ethical reasoning and moral seriousness guide their discussions. Beneath this longing lies a crucial question: what kinds of reasoning should shape the way Muslim communities engage the world today?
Rationality as a living practice
Rational thinking remains essential for making sense of complexity. It helps people work through questions of justice, responsibility, and human purpose. In many contexts, people instinctively and unconsciously draw on modes of reasoning shaped by European modernity.
This approach values abstraction, formal logic, and universal rules. It has brought strength to science, law, and policy. It provides tools for analysis, structure, and problem-solving.
Yet rationality need not stand apart from communal life. It grows richer when cultivated through dialogue, listening, and attention to multiple intellectual inheritances.
In Islam, rationality has never been singular. Over centuries, the major intellectual traditions have developed their own rationales and logics, each with unique methods, aims, and orientations. Theological reflection shaped kalām, engaging deeply with belief, interpretation, and human responsibility. Juristic traditions developed legal reasoning with their own methods of analogy, deliberation, and ethical judgement. Sufi traditions cultivated spiritual forms of reasoning, focused on interiority and moral refinement.
These traditions did not simply overlap; each had its own grammar of reasoning. Their interaction created a dynamic, contrapuntal intellectual culture.
Engaging these traditions today requires more than invoking them in critique. It involves studying their distinct logics, preserving their historical essence, and engaging them in careful dialogue. Each tradition must be appreciated for what it contributes to moral, legal, and spiritual reflection.
Rational thought, in this sense, is not a static tool applied from outside. It develops through historical engagement and shared reflection. When understood in this way, reasoning becomes a living practice that connects people to one another and to the ethical questions of their time.
Dialogical reasoning for today
This historically grounded orientation offers Muslim communities a rich resource for the present.
Communal conversations can be strengthened by recognising and cultivating multiple, contextually grounded modes of reasoning. They need not rely on a single universal model. Instead, they can draw from the full repertoire of disciplined reasoning traditions within Muslim life while remaining open to learning from broader moral and intellectual traditions.
This is not a move towards relativism. It is an affirmation that different intellectual traditions bring distinct rationalities and interpretive capacities, which must be engaged in a dialogical manner within inclusive community spaces.
Each mode of reasoning brings something vital. Scientific reasoning clarifies facts and patterns in the world. Juristic reasoning examines justice and responsibility through the lens of legal methods. Spiritual reasoning encompasses the exploration of meaning, moral character, and attentiveness to the divine. Ethical reasoning articulates shared values that guide communal life.
When these traditions meet in conversation, they do not collapse into one another. Each contributes a distinct perspective to the shared questions. This contrapuntal engagement enables communities to craft more nuanced responses to contemporary challenges.
Within this context, the principle of ijtihad — independent reasoning — remains deeply relevant. Ijtihād cannot simply be asserted as a call to intellectual revival. It must be inclusively cultivated within dialogical spaces where different traditions interact respectfully.
For ijtihād to flourish, communities need sustained practices of inquiry, listening, and collective reflection. It grows through pedagogical cultivation, historical awareness, and the weaving together of diverse reasoning traditions.
This vision is already visible in everyday spaces.
Imagine a Cape Town masjid after maghrib. A circle forms on the carpet. Young engineers discuss how algorithms shape decision-making. An elder draws on fiqh to explore the concepts of accountability and harm. A Qurʾānic teacher reflects on scriptural stories about human creativity and responsibility. A sufi practitioner discusses the importance of spiritual attention in an age of distraction.
Different rationalities are at work: technical, legal, scriptural, and spiritual. Their interaction produces layered moral insight, held together by shared commitments to truth and justice.
A similar dynamic unfolds in a Cape Flats community hall where residents discuss water scarcity and pollution. Scientists bring data on aquifers. Religious teachers remind the group of their role as khalīfa (God’s vicegerents), caretakers of creation. Elders recall earlier practices of care for the community, as well as sports and recreation. Young people speak of the injustices experienced by those most affected.
Each contribution emerges from a distinct reasoning tradition. Together, they produce an integrated moral conversation that is both practical and principled.
Over the past few years, working with young people and communities on dialogue and democracy has made this horizon clearer for me. These spaces required me to step back from my own strong normative positions and to listen carefully to the voices on the ground. These voices carry their own reasoning practices and moral insights. They remind us that genuine renewal begins when multiple rationalities are brought into respectful dialogue on shared ethical ground.
Building intellectual cultures for complex times
Appreciating the plurality of Islamic rationalities also reshapes who participates in communal intellectual life.
Scholars, educators, activists, elders, and youth all become part of the conversation. Intellectual life does not belong only to universities. It lives in classrooms, mosques, homes, study circles, and community forums.
For these dialogues to deepen, more is required than critique or exhortation. Independent reasoning, including ijtihād, must be carefully and inclusively cultivated. This involves pedagogical work: learning from the past, engaging with different traditions on their own terms, practising against-the-grain type reading, and creating respectful spaces for shared inquiry.
In South Africa, where civic spaces are layered and dynamic, this approach resonates strongly. Schools that encourage students to explore scientific, juristic, spiritual, and ethical perspectives on issues such as climate change or technology foster deeper understanding. Masjid circles that bring elders and youth together build bridges across generations. Community media that convene scholars, technologists, activists, and religious teachers create spaces where layered reasoning can breathe.
Such practices nurture organic intellectual cultures. They grow from lived experience. They require careful inclusion, patience, and respect.
Shared moral ground and collective responsibility
A plural approach to reasoning must remain anchored in shared ethical principles.
Commitments to truth, justice, revelation, and virtue have always guided Muslim traditions. When different rationalities meet, they converge on these moral horizons.
Conversations about artificial intelligence often involve legal, spiritual, ethical, and technical considerations, but they remain centred on the principles of dignity and accountability. Environmental discussions may draw on science, law, memory, and faith, but the shared responsibility of stewardship guides all.
Moral virtues, or faḍāʾil, are at the heart of these encounters. Humility allows different rationalities to engage with respect. Honesty grounds inquiry in sincerity. Courage enables communities to face uncomfortable truths. Compassion maintains a focus on both human and ecological well-being.
These virtues give dialogical reasoning moral weight and clarity. They also provide the conditions for the flowering of ijtihād within inclusive communities.
This grounded approach offers Muslim communities a way to respond to contemporary challenges. Artificial intelligence and social media are transforming human interaction. Climate change requires moral and practical responses. Gender and social inequalities demand structural transformation and ethical reflection.
No single mode of reasoning can address these issues alone. When technical expertise, juristic reasoning, spiritual insights, ijtihād, and ethical reflection work together, communities can act with clarity, confidence, and integrity.
Across South Africa, communities are already cultivating such spaces in youth forums, classrooms, study circles, local media, and informal gatherings. Recognising and nurturing these efforts can strengthen a more inclusive and intellectually vibrant communal culture.
Grounded rationalities allow communities to honour their intellectual inheritances while remaining rooted in shared ethical commitments. They create spaces where many voices shape understanding and where Muslim thought remains both rooted and alive in a changing world.
Aslam Fataar is a Research Professor at Stellenbosch University, where he heads the Dialogue, Democracy and Development project.
The YouTube recording of Ebrahim Rasool’s address at The Muslim Thinker inaugural address can be viewed here.
You can read Emeritus Professor Yusef Waghid’s response to Ebrahim Rasool’s lecture here.
